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6 Terms

Created by: federica.masante

Number of Blossarys: 31

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Stuart Hall's term for several linked but distinctive 'moments' in processes of mass communication - production, circulation, distribution/consumption and reproduction.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Термин Стјуарта Хола за неколико повезаних, али препознатљивих "момената" у процесима масовне комуникације - производња, промет, дистрибуција/потрошња и репродукција.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

In ordinary use, this term refers to something which touches or adjoins something else; some semioticians use it to refer to something which is in some sense part of (or part of the same domain as) something else.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

U običnoj upotrebi, ovaj termin se odnosi na nešto što dodiruje ili se graniči sa nečim drugim; neki semiotičani ga koriste da označe nešto što je u određenom smislu deo nečeg drugog (ili je deo istog domena kao nešto drugo).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Lévi-Strauss's term for the appropriation of pre-existing materials which are ready-to-hand (and in the process contributing to the construction of one's own identity) is widely-used to refer to the intertextual authorial practise of adopting and adapting signs from other texts.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Termin Levi Strosa koji se odnosi na prihvatanje prethodno stvorenih dostupnih materijala i koji u tom procesu utiču na građenje identiteta. Termin se široko koristi da označi intertekstualne prakse usvajanja i prilagođavanja znakova iz drugih tekstova.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

In its most extreme version 'the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis' can be described as relating two associated principles: linguistic determinism and linguistic relativism. Applying these two principles, the Whorfian thesis is that people who speak different languages perceive and think about the world quite differently, their worldviews being shaped or determined by the language of the culture (a notion rejected by social determinists). Critics note that we cannot make inferences about differences in worldview solely on the basis of differences in linguistic structure.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

U najekstermnijem smislu, "Sapir-Vorfpva hipoteza" se može opisati kao povezivanje dva principa - lingvistički determinizam i lingvistički relativizam. Primenom ova dva principa Vorfova ideja je da ljudi koji govore različite jezike shvataju i razmišljaju o svetu različito, jer su njihovi pogledi na svet oblikovani ili određeni jezikom kulture (ideja koju odbijaju društveni deterministi). Kritičari smatraju da se ne može reći da postoje različiti pogledi na svet samo na bazi razlika u jezičkoj strukturi.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

For Saussure language was a relational system of 'values'. He distinguished the value of a sign from its signification or referential meaning. A sign does not have an 'absolute' value in itself - its value is dependent on its relations with other signs within the signifying system as a whole. Words in different languages can have equivalent referential meanings but different values since they belong to different networks of associations.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Za Sosira, jezik je predstavljao odnosni sistem "vrednosti". On je razlikovao vrednost znaka od njegovog značenja. Znak nema "apsolutnu" vrednost sam po sebi - njegova vrednost zavisi od odnosa sa drugim znakovima unutar značenjskog sistema kao celine. Reči u različitim jezicima mogu da imaju ekvivalentna referentna značenja ali različite vrednosti jer pripadaju različitim mrežama asocijacija.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Loosely, the term refers to the attribution of value, but it is also used more specifically to refer to its attribution to members of binary semantic oppositions, where one signifier and its signified is unmarked (and positively valorized) whilst the other is marked (and negatively valorized).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Termin se uopšteno odnosi na dodeljivanje vrednosti, ali se takođe odnosi na dodeljivanje vrednosti članovima binarnih semantičkih suprotnosti, gde jedan označitelj i njegovo označeno nisu markirani (odnosno pozitivno su vrednovani) dok su drugi markirani (ili negativno vrednovani).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Structuralists such as Lévi-Strauss argues that there is a universal mental structure based on certain fundamental binary oppositions. This structure is transformed into universal structural patterns in human culture through universal linguistic categories.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Strukturalisti, kao što je Levi-Stros, smatraju da postoji univerzalna mentalna struktura koja se zasniva na određenim osnovnim binarnim suprotnostima. Struktura se transformiše u univerzalne strukturne obrasce u ljudskoj kutluri putem univerzalnih lingvisičkih kategorija.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

A triadic model of the sign is based on a division of the sign into three necessary constituent elements. Peirce's model of the sign is a triadic model.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Trijadski model znaka se zasniva na podeli znaka na tri neophodna sastavna dela. Pirsov model je trijadski model.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

We become so used to familiar conventions in our everyday use of various media that the codes involved often seem 'transparent' and the medium itself seems neutral. The medium is characterised by instrumentalist thinking as purely a means to an end when the text is regarded as a 'reflection', a 'representation' or an 'expression'. The status of the text as text - its 'textuality' and materiality - is minimized. Commonsense tells us that the signified is unmediated and the signifier is 'transparent' and purely denotative, as when we interpret television or photography as 'a window on the world'.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Poznate konvencije svakodnevne upotrebe medijuma dovode do toga da se dati kodovi čine "transparentnim" a medijum "prirodnim". Ovaj medijum se od strane instrumentalista smatra za sredstvo za postizanje cilja, gde se tekst smatra za "odraz", "predstavljanje" ili "izraz". Status teksta kao teksta - tekstualnost i materijalnost - je sveden na najmanju meru. Zdravorazumski se smatra da je označeno neposredno i da je označitelj "transparentan" i čisto denotativan, kao kada se televizija ili fotografija smatraju za "prozore u svet".

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Everyday references to communication are based on a 'transmission' model in which a 'sender' 'transmits' a 'message' to a 'receiver' - a formula which reduces meaning to 'content' (delivered like a parcel) and which tends to support the intentional fallacy. This is also the basis of Shannon and Weaver's well-known model of communication, which makes no allowance for the importance of social context.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Uobičajena upotreba pojma komunikacije se zasniva na modelu prenosa u kojem "pošiljalac" "prenosi" "poruku" "primaocu" - formula koja redukuje značenje na "sadržaj" (tretirajući ga kao paket koji se dostavlja) i samim tim podstiče namerne zablude. Ovo je takođe osnova dobro moznatog modela komunikacije Šenona i Vejvera koji ne uzima u obzir značaj društvenog konteksta.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Linguistic universalists argue that we can say whatever we want to say in any language, and that whatever we say in one language can always be translated into another. For linguistic relativists translation between one language and another is at the very least, problematic, and sometimes impossible. Some commentators also apply this to the 'translation' of unverbalized thought into language. Even within a single language, some relativists suggest that any reformulation of words has implications for meaning, however subtle: it is impossible to say exactly the same thing in different words; reformulating something transforms the ways in which meanings may be made with it, and in this sense, form and content are inseparable and the use of the medium contributes to shaping the meaning.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Lingivistički univerzalisti smatraju da može da se kaže bilo šta na svakom jeziku i da šta god da se kaže na jednom, može da se prevede na drugi jezik. Međutim, lingivistički relativisti smatraju da je prevod sa jednog na drugi jezik u najmanju ruku problematičan a nekad i nemoguć. Neki teoretičari koriste ovaj termin kada govore o "prevođenju" neverbalizovanih misli u jezik. Neki relativisti smatraju da čak i u okviru jednog jezika svaka ponovna formulacija reči utiče na značenje - nemoguće je reći jednu istu stvar različitim rečima. Ponovna formulacija nekada menja način na koji se stvara značenje i, samim tim, oblik i sadržaj su nerazdvojivi i upotreba medijuma utiče na oblikovanje značenja.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Within Stuart Hall's framework, this is an ideological code in which the decoder fully shares the text's code and accepts and reproduces the preferred reading (a reading which may not have been the result of any conscious intention on the part of the author(s)) - in such a stance the textual code seems 'natural' and 'transparent'.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Prema Stjuartu Holu, dominantan kod je ideološki kod gde "dekoder" (čitalac) u potpunosti deli tekstualni kod i prihvata željeni efekat čitanja, tako da se tekstualni kod čini "prirodan" i "transparentan".

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Analogously to Chomsky's notion of 'transformational grammar', European structuralists such as Lévi-Strauss argued that new structural patterns within a culture are generated from existing ones through formal 'rules of transformation' based on systematic similarities, equivalences or parallels, or alternatively, symmetrical inversions.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Analogno ideja Čomskog o "transformativnog gramatici", evropski strukturalisti, kao što je Levi-Straus, smatraju da su novi strukturni obrasci u kulturi nastali od prethodnih putem formalnih "pravila transformacije" na osnovu sistemskih sličnosti, jednakosti ili paralela, ili simetričnom inverzijom.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Derrida argued that dominant ideological discourse relies on the metaphysical illusion of a transcendental signified - an ultimate referent at the heart of a signifying system which is portrayed as 'absolute and irreducible', stable, timeless and transparent - as if it were independent of and prior to that system.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Derida smatra da se dominantni ideološki diskurs oslanja na metafizičku iluziju transcendentalnog označenog - krajnje reference u sistemu označavanja koja se posmatra kao "apsolutna i neuništiva", stabila, vanvremenska i transparentna, prethodna i nezavisna od sistema.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

This is a stance that the form and content of a text determines how it is decoded. Critics of this stance argue that decoders may bring to the text codes of their own which may not match those used by the encoder(s), and which may shape their decoding of it.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Prema ovom gledištu, oblik i sadržaj teksta određuju kako se on "dekodira". Kritičare ovog gledišta smatraju da oni koji "dekodiraju" tekst mogu da u taj proces unesu i svoje kodove koji nisu isti kao oni koriščeni prilikom "kodiranja" teksta i koji potom oblikuju "dekodiranje".

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Whilst many semiotic codes are treated by some semioticians as 'textual' codes (reading 'the world' through the metaphor of a 'text'), this can be seen as forming one major group of codes, alongside social codes and interpretative codes.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Dok se mnogi semiotički kodovi često smatraju za "tekstualne" (čitanje "sveta" kroz metaforu "teksta"), tekstualni kodovi u užem smislu čine jednu od osnovnih grupa kodova, zajedno sa društvenim i interpretativnim kodovima.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Most broadly, this term is used to refer to anything which can be 'read' for meaning; to some theorists, 'the world' is 'social text'. Although the term appears to privilege written texts (it seems graphocentric and logocentric), to most semioticians a 'text' is an system of signs (in the form of words, images, sounds and/or gestures).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

U najširem smislu, tekst označava bilo šta što može da se "čita" sa značenjem. Za neke teoretičare, "svet" je "društveni tekst". Iako se čini da termin privileguje pisani tekst (deluje grafocentrično i logocentrično), većina semiotičara smatra "tekst" za sistem znakova (u obliku reči, slika, zvukova i/ili pokreta).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Syntagmatic analysis is a structuralist technique which seeks to establish the 'surface structure' of a text and the relationships between its parts. The study of syntagmatic relations reveals the rules or conventions underlying the production and interpretation of texts.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Sintagmatska analiza je strukturalistička tehnika koja teži da uspostavi "površinsku strukturu" teksta i odnosa između njegovih delova. Proučavanje sintagmatskih odnosa otkriva pravila i konvencije koje su u pozadini stvaranja i tumačenja teksta.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

A syntagm is an orderly combination of interacting signifiers which forms a meaningful whole (sometimes called a 'chain'). In language, a sentence, for instance, is a syntagm of words. Syntagmatic relations are the various ways in which constituent units within the same text may be structurally related to each other.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Sintagma predstavlja uređenu kombinaciju označitelja koja čini smisaonu celinu. U jeziku je rečenica, na primer, sintagma od reči. Sintagmatski odnosi su različiti načini kako sastavne jedinice u okviru jednog teksta mogu da budu u strukturnom odnosu jedna prema drugoj.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Morris divided semiotics into three branches: syntactics (or syntax), semantics, and pragmatics. Syntactics refers to the study of the structural relations between signs. The interpretation of signs by their users can also be seen as levels corresponding to these three branches - the syntactic level being the recognition of the sign (in relation to other signs).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Moris deli semiotiku na tri grane: sintaksa, semantika i pragmatika. Sintaksa se odnosi na studiju odnosa među znacima. Tumačenje znakova od strane korisnika se takođe može posmatrati u skladu sa ovom podelom na tri grane - sintaksički nivo zpredstavlja prepoznavanje znakova u odnosu na druge znakove.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Saussure's term sémiologie dates from a manuscript of 1894. 'Semiology' is sometimes used to refer to the study of signs by those within the Saussurean tradition (e.g. Barthes, Lévi-Strauss, Kristeva and Baudrillard), whilst 'semiotics' sometimes refers to those working within the Peircean tradition (e.g. Morris, Richards, Ogden and Sebeok). Sometimes 'semiology' refers to work concerned primarily with textual analysis whilst 'semiotics' refers to more philosophically-oriented work.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Sosirov termin semiologija datira iz rukopisa iz 1894. godine. Termin "semiologija" se nekad koristi da označi proučavanje znakova u Sosirovoj tradiciji (na primer, Bart, Levi-Straus, Kristeva i Bodrijar), dok se "semiotika" onda odnosi na Pirsovu tradiciju (na primer, Moris, RIčards, Ogden i Sebeok). Takoše, semiologija može da označava rad koji se fokusiran na tekstualnu analizu, dok je semiotski rad više orijentisan ka filozofiji.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

In theories of subjectivity a distinction is made between 'the subject' and 'the individual'. Whilst the individual is an actual person, the subject is a set of roles constructed by dominant cultural and ideological values (e.g. in terms of class, age, gender and ethnicity). The structuralist notion of the 'positioning of the subject' refers to the 'constitution' (construction) of the subject by the text. According to this theory of textual (or discursive) positioning, the reader is obliged to adopt a 'subject-position' which already exists within the structure and codes of the text. Subjects are thus constructed as 'ideal readers' through the use of codes.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

U teoriji subjektiviteta, postoji razlika između subjekta i pojedinca. Dok je pojedinac realna osoba, subjekat je sklop uloga koje su formirane od strane kulturnih i ideoloških vrednosti (na primer, klasa, godine, pol i etnička pripadnost). Strukturalistička ideja "pozicioniranja subjekta" se odnosi na "građenje" subjekta u okviru teksta. Prema ovoj teoriji tekstualnog (ili diskurzivnog) pozicioniranja, čitalac je obavezan da usvoji "poziciju subjekta" koja postoji u strukturi i kodovima teksta. Subjekti su stoga izgrađeni kao "idealni čitaoci" kroz upotrebu kodova.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Whilst some semioticians have retained a structuralist concern with formal systems (mainly focusing on detailed studies of narrative, film and television editing and so on), many have become more concerned with social semiotics. A key concern of social semioticians is with 'signifying practices' in specific socio-cultural contexts. Social semioticians acknowledge that not all realities are equal, and are interested in 'sites of struggle' in which realities are contested. The roots of social semiotics can be traced to the early theorists. Saussure himself wrote of semiotics as 'a science that studies the life of signs within society'.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Dok se neki semiotičari strukturalistički bave formalnim sistemima (fokusirajući se na detaljne studije narativa, filma, televizije i slično), većina se više bavi društvenom semiotikom. Društveni semiotičari se pre svega bave praksama signifikacije u određenim društveno-kulturalnim kontekstima. Društveni semiotilari prihvataju da nisu sve stvarnosti jednake i zanimaju se za mesta gde se stvarnosti sudaraju. Koreni socijalne semiotike se nalaze kod ranih teoretičara. Sosir je sam smatrao semiotiku za "nauku koja se bavi životom znakova unutar društva".

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Social determinism is the attitude which asserts the primacy of social and political factors influence the autonomous medium (whether this language or technology). Determinis social reject causal priority is given to the language with a linguistic and technology determinis technology determinis.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Društveni determinizam je stav po kojem se daje prednost društvenim i političkim faktorima naspram nezavisnom uticaju medijuma (bilo da je u pitanu jezik ili tehnologija). Druptveni determinizam ne prihvata primat koji lingivistički deterministi daju jeziku i tehnološki deterministi daju tehnologiji.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Whilst all semiotic codes are in a broad sense social codes, social codes can also be seen as forming a major sub-group of codes, alongside textual codes and interpretative codes. Social codes in this narrower sense concern our tacit knowledge of the social world and include unwritten codes such as bodily codes, commodity codes and behavioural codes.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Svei semiotički kodovi su u širem smislu društveni kodovi, ali se društveni kodovi mogu videti i kao osnovna podgrupa kodova, pored tekstualnih i interpretativnih kodova. Društveni kodovi, u užem smislu, se odnose na naše poznavanje društva i uključuju nepisasne kodove kao što kodovi tela, robe i ponašanja.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

This was Baudrillard's term (borrowed from Plato); 'simulacra' are 'copies without originals' - the main form in which we encounter texts in postmodern culture.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Bodrijarov termin, preuzet od Platona, koji simulakrumom naziva kopije bez originala, što je osnovni vid u kojem nalazimo tekstovi u postmodernizmu.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

These are the meaning-making behaviours in which people engage (including the production and reading of texts) following particular conventions or rules of construction and interpretation.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Stvaranje značenja od strane ljudi (uključujući stvaranje i čitanje teksta) koje prati određene konvencije i pravila stvaranja i tumačenja.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Within transmission models of communication, these terms are used to refer to the participants in acts of communication (communication being presented as a linear process of 'sending' 'messages' to a 'receiver'). Semioticians usually regard such models as reductionist (reducing meaning to 'content'); the main semiotic objection is usually that transmission models do not feature the semiotic concept of a code, but related objections refer to the model's neglect of the potential significance of purposes, relationships, situations and the medium.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Ovi termini se koriste u kontekstu modela prenosa komunikacije da bi označili učesnike u komunikacijskom činu (gde se komunikacija predstavlja kao linearni proces "slanja" "poruke" "primaocu") Semiotičari često smatraju takve modele za redukcionističke (gde se značenje reducira/smanjuje na "sadržaj"). Glavni semiotički argument je to da modela prenosa ne uključuje semiotički pojam koda, kao i da ne uzima u obzir moguć značaj namera, odnosa, situacija i medijuma.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

A dyadic model of the sign is based on a division of the sign into two necessary constituent elements. Saussure's model of the sign is a dyadic model (note that Saussure insisted that such a division was purely analytical).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Dijadski model znaka se bazira na podela znaka na dva neophodna sastavna dela. Sosirov modela znaka je dijadski, ali je on smatrao da je takva podela čisto analitička.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

These are textual codes which represent reality. Those which are perceived as 'realistic' (especially in film and television) are routinely experienced as if they were recordings or direct reproductions of reality rather than as representations in the form of codes.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

To su tekstualni kodovi koji predstavljaju stvarnost. Oni koji se smatraju "stvarnim" (posebno na filmu i televiziji) se uobičajeno doživljavaju kao beleženja ili diretkne reprodukcije stvarnosti, pre nego predstavljanja u vidu kodova.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

In general usage, this term refers to the depiction of something in any medium in the form of a text. However, as standard dictionaries remind us, a representation is something which stands for or in place of something else - which is of course what semioticians call a sign. Semiotics foregrounds and problematizes the process of representation.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

U opštoj upotrebi, predstavljanje je opis nečega kroz medijum. Predstavljanje je uvek nešto što stoji umesto nečeg drugog, što semiotičari nazivaju znakom. Semiotičari se bave problematikom procesa predstavljanja.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

The term 'relativism' is frequently either a term of abuse used by critics of constructivism (notably realists, for whom it may refer to any epistemological stance other than realism) or by constructivists themselves referring to a position whereby 'anything goes' with which they do not want to be associated. Critics associate relativism with an extreme idealism or nihilism denying the existence of a real material world - which it does not necessarily entail. Since few theorists choose to label themselves relativists it is difficult to define the term adequately. One characterization is as the stance that there are numerous alternative versions of reality which can only be assessed in relation to each other and not in relation to any 'absolute', fixed and universal truth, reality, meaning, knowledge or certainty.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Termin relativizam se često zloupotrebljava od strane kritičara konstruktivizma (pre svega realista, za koje on označava bilo koji epistemološki stav koji nije realizam) ili od strane samih konstruktivista koji ga koriste da označe stav gde "sve može da bude" i sa kojim oni ne žele da budu povezani. Kritičari povezuju relativizam sa ekstremnim idealizmom ili nihilizmom koji poriče postojanje realnog materijalnog sveta, što ne mora da bude slučaj. S obzirom da malo teoretičara žele da se nazivaju relativistima, teško je adekvatno definisati termin. Jedan način da se definiše je kao stav da postoji više alternativnih verzija realnosti koji mogu da se procenjuju u odnosu jedna prema drugoj a ne u odnosu prema nekom "apsolutu", stalnoj ili univerzalnoj istini, stvarnosti, smislu, znanju ili izvesnosti.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

This is a term adopted from Althusserian Marxism, where it refers to the relative independence of the 'superstructure' of society (including ideology) from the economic (or techno-economic) 'base' (in contrast to the orthodox marxist stance that the latter determines the former - a stance similar to that of technological determinism).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Termin usvojen od strane Altuserovog marksizma, koji se odnosi na relativnu nezavisnost "nadstrukture" društva (uključujući ideologiju) od ekonomske (ili tehnološko-ekonomske) "osnove" (što je suprotno tradicionalnom marksističkom stavu da ovo drugo određuje prvo, što je stav sličan tehnološkom determinizmu).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Marshall McLuhan's notion that 'the medium is the message' can be seen as a semiotic concern: to a semiotician the medium is not 'neutral'. Each medium has its own technical constraints, affordances and cultural connotations. The signified itself may be altered by a change of the medium used for the sign vehicle.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Ideja Maršala Mekluana da je medijum jednako poruka može da se posmatra i kao semiotičko pitanje: za semiotičara medijum nije neutralan. Svaki medijum ima svoja tehnička ograničenja, mogućnosti i kulturne konotacije. Označeno može da bude promenjeno ako dodje do promene medijuma koji se koristi za označitelja.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

A phenomenon is said to be overdetermined when it can be attributed to multiple determining factors. Overdetermined readings of texts are those in which the preferred reading is very clear from the use of overcoded broadcast codes and the familiarity of the representational practises involved.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Fenomen je predeterminisan ako se smatra da je određen višestrukim faktorima. Predeterminisano čitanje teksta je ono gde je željeni efekat teksta vrlo jasan zbog toga što se preterano upotrebljavaju kodovi emitovanja i što su dobro poznati korišćeni vidovi predstavljanja.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Within Stuart Hall's framework, this is an ideological code in which the reader, whose social situation places them in a directly oppositional relation to the dominant code, understands the preferred reading but does not share the text's code and rejects this reading, bringing to bear an alternative ideological code.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Prema Stjuartu Halu, to je ideološki kod u kom čitalac, čiji društveni kontekst je takav da je on u odnosu koji je suprotan dominantnom kodu, razume šta je željeni efekat teksta ali ne deli tekstualni kod i odbacuje tekst, što dovodi do stvaranja alternativnog ideološkog koda.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

A phenomenon is said to be overdetermined when it can be attributed to multiple determining factors. Overdetermined readings of texts are those in which the preferred reading is very clear from the use of overcoded broadcast codes and the familiarity of the representational practises involved.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Fenomen je predeterminisan ako se smatra da je određen višestrukim faktorima. Predeterminisano čitanje teksta je ono gde je željeni efekat teksta vrlo jasan zbog toga što se preterano upotrebljavaju kodovi emitovanja i što su dobro poznati korišćeni vidovi predstavljanja.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Within Stuart Hall's framework, this is an ideological code in which the reader, whose social situation places them in a directly oppositional relation to the dominant code, understands the preferred reading but does not share the text's code and rejects this reading, bringing to bear an alternative ideological code.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Prema Stjuartu Halu, to je ideološki kod u kom čitalac, čiji društveni kontekst je takav da je on u odnosu koji je suprotan dominantnom kodu, razume šta je željeni efekat teksta ali ne deli tekstualni kod i odbacuje tekst, što dovodi do stvaranja alternativnog ideološkog koda.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

To reify (or 'hypostasize') is to 'thingify': treating a relatively abstract signified as if it were a single, bounded, undifferentiated, fixed and unchanging thing, the essential nature of which could be taken for granted (see Essentialism).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Opredmetiti nešto znači smatrati da je relativno apstraktno označeno u stvari jedinstvena, ograničena, nediferencirana, stalna i nepromenjiva stvar, a da se njegova esencijalna priroda može uzeti zdravo za gotovo (vidi esencijalizam).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

This term has been used to refer to the assumption that a) it is a necessary condition of a sign that the signifier has a referent (in particular, a material object in the world) or b) that the meaning of a sign lies purely in its referent.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Ovaj termin se koristi na pretpostavku da a) je neophodan uslov znaka da označitelj ima referencu (a posebno, materijalan objekat u svetu) ili b) značenje znaka se nalazi samo u referenci.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

What the sign 'stands for'. In Peirce's triadic model of the sign this is called the object. In Saussure's dyadic model of the sign a referent in the world is not explicitly featured - only the signified - a concept which may or may not refer to an object in the world.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Ono što znak obeležava. U Pirsovom trijadskom modelu znaka, to se naziva objekat. U Sosirovom dijadskom modelu znaka, referenca ne mora da postoji u svetu - samo označeno, što je koncept koji može a i ne mora da bude stvarni objekat.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

The usage of this term varies mainly in relation to the various aesthetic movements, theoretical frameworks and media with which it is associated - so there are many different 'realisms', though a common realist goal is 'to show things as they really are' (a meaningless notion to a constructivist). In everyday usage 'realistic' representations are those which are interpreted as being in some sense 'true to life'.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Upotreba ovog termina uglavnom varira kroz estetske pokrete, teoretske okvire i medije sa kojima se povezuje - tako da postoji više različitih "realizama", iako je uobičajeni realistički cilj da "pokaze stvari onakvim kakve zaista jesu" (ideja koja nema smisla za konstruktiviste). U svakodnevnoj upotrebi, "realističke" predstave su one koje se tumače kao verne stvarnosti.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

The argument that 'reality' or 'the world' is at least partly created by the language (and other media) we use insists on the primacy of the signifier - suggesting that the signified is shaped by the signifier rather than vice versa. Some theorists stress the materiality of the signifier.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Argument da je "stvarnost" ili "svet" makar delimično stvoren jezikom (ili drugim medijima) insistira na primatu označitelja - sugerišući da je označeno oblikovano označiteljem pre nego obratno. Neki teoretičari naglašavaju materijalnost označitelja.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Unedited photographic and filmic images are indexical rather than simply iconic - though you could call them 'iconic indexes (or indices)'. A photographic image is an index of the effect of light on photographic emulsion. The indexical character of photographs encourages interpreters to treat them as 'objective' and transparent records of 'reality'.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Neobrađene fotografije i filmske slike su indeksirane, pre nego ikoničke - iako se mogu zvati i ikoničkim indeksima. Fotografska slika je indeks u pogledu svetla na fotografskoj emulziji. Indeksirani karakter fotografije podstiče posmatrača da ih smatra za "objektivne" i transparentne snimke "stvarnosti".

Domain: Language; Category: General language

On one occasion, Barthes asserted that a photograph is 'a message without a code'. However, even though photographs are indexical (as well as iconic) photography involves a translation from three dimensions into two, as well as many variable representational practices. Consequently, some semioticians refer to 'reading photographs'.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Bart je smatrao da su fotografije "poruke bez koda". Međutim, iako su fotografije indeksirane (kao i ikoničke), fotografija podrazumeva prevod sa tri dimenzije na dve. To ima za posledicu da mnogi semiotičari govore o "čitanju fotografija".

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Barthes adopted from Hjelmslev the notion that there are different orders of signification (levels of meaning) in semiotic systems. The first order of signification is that of denotation: at this level there is a sign consisting of a signifier and a signified. Connotation is a second-order of signification which uses the denotative sign (signifier and signified) as its signifier and attaches to it an additional signified. Barthes argues that the orders of signification called denotation and connotation combine to produce ideology in the form of myth -which has been described as a third order of signification. Differences between the three orders of signification are not clear-cut.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Bart je od Jelmsleva usvojio ideju da postoje različiti nivoi signifikacije (značenja) u semiotičkim sistemima. Prvi nivo signifikacije je denotacija: na ovom nivou se znak sastoji od označitelja i označenog. Konotacija je drugi nivo signifikacije koji koristi denotativni znak (označitelj i označeno) kao svoj označitelj i vezuje ga za dodatno označeno. Bart smatra da se nivoi signifikacije denotacija i konotacija kombinuju kako bi se stvorila ideologija u formi mita, što predstavlja treći nivo signifikacije. Razlike između tri nivoa signifikacije nisu strogo definisane.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

In contrast to broadcast codes, narrowcast codes are aimed at a limited audience, structurally more complex, less repetitive and tend to be more subtle, original and unpredictable.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Suprotno kodovima opšteg emitovanja, kodovi ciljanog emitovanja su usmereni na ograničenu publiku, strukturno su komplikovaniji, manje se ponavljaju i često su suptilniji, originalniji i manje predvidivi.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

According to linguistic determinists our thinking (or 'worldview') is determined by language - by the very use of verbal language and/or by the grammatical structures, semantic distinctions and inbuilt ontologies within a language. A more moderate stance is that thinking may be 'influenced' rather than unavoidably 'determined' by language: it is a two-way process, so that the kind of language we use is also influenced by the way we see the world.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Prema lingvističkom determinizmu, naša mišljenja (ili pogledi na svet) su određeni jezikom - korišćenjem verbalnog jezika i/ili gramatičkih struktura, semantičkih distinkcija i ugrađenih ontologija u okviru jezika. Umereniji stav je da je mišljenje "pod uticajem" jezika, pre nego određeno njime: to je dvosmerni proces, tako da je i vid jezika koji koristimo pod uticajem načina na koji posmatramo svet.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Fiske's term for codes which are shared by members of a mass audience and which are learned informally through experience rather than deliberately or institutionally. In contrast to narrowcast codes, broadcast codes are structurally simpler, employing standard conventions and 'formulas' - so they can generate clichés and stereotypes.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Fiskeov termin za kodove koje deli publika masovnih medija i koji se neformalno uče kroz iskustvo, pre nego sa namerom ili kroz institucije. Suprotno ciljanom emitovanju, kodovi širokog emitovanja su strukturno jednostavniji i poštuju standardne konvencije i "formule", tako da mogu da stvaraju klišee i stereotipe.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Marshall McLuhan (1911-1980) was a Canadian literary scholar who enjoyed international cult status as a media guru in the 1960s. 'McLuhanism' is a term sometimes used to refer to his notion that 'the medium is the message', which had at least four apparent meanings: a) that the medium shapes its content (i.e. that the nature of any medium has implications for the kinds of experience which can be best handled with it); b) that using a medium is important in itself (e.g. watching television or reading books are experiences in themselves regardless of explicit content); c) that the 'message' of a medium is the 'impact' it has on society; d) that the 'message' of a medium is its transformation of the perceptual habits of its users.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Maršal Mekluan (1911-1980) je bio kanadski književni naučnik koji je imao kultni status medijskog gurua 1960-ih godina. Mekluanizam je termin koji se koristi za njegovu ideju da "medijum je poruka", koja je nosila u sebi najmanje četiri očigledna značenja: a) da medijum oblikuje sadržaj (u suštini, da priroda medijuma implicira vrstu iskustva koja će se doživeti sa njim), b) da je korišćenje medijuma od važnosti samo za sebe (naime, da su gledanje televizije i čitanje knjiga iskustva za sebe nezavisno od sadržaja), c) da je "poruka" medijuma "uticaj" koji ona ima na društvo i d) da je "poruka" medijuma njegova transformacija u opažajne navike korisnika.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

The concept of markedness introduced by Jakobson can be applied to the poles of a paradigmatic opposition (e.g. male/female). Paired signifiers (such as male/female) consist of an 'unmarked' form (in this case, the word male) and a 'marked' form (in this case the word female). The 'marked' signifier is distinguished by some special semiotic feature (in this case the addition of an initial fe-). A marked or unmarked status applies not only to signifiers but also to their signifieds.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Koncept markiranosi je predstavio Jakobson i primenjuje se na polove paradigmatske suprotnosti (na primer, učenik/učenica). Upareni označitelji (kao što su muško/žensko) se sastoji od nemarkiranog oblika (u ovom slučaju "učenik") i markiranog oblika (u ovom slučaju "učenica"). Markirani označitelj se ističe preko određene semiotičke karakteristike (u ovom slučaju nastavak -a). Markirani i nemarkirani status se ne odnosi samo na označitelje već i na njihovo označeno.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

These are Saussure's terms. Langue refers to the abstract system of rules and conventions of a signifying system - it is independent of, and pre-exists, individual users. Parole refers to concrete instances of its use. To the Saussurean semiotician, what matters most are the underlying structures and rules of a semiotic system as a whole rather than specific performances or practises which are merely instances of its use. Whilst Saussure did not concern himself with parole, the structure of langue is of course revealed by the study of parole. Applying the notion to semiotic systems in general rather than simply to language, the distinction is one between the semiotic system and its usage in specific texts and practices.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Sosirovi termini, gde se jezik odnosi na apstraktan sistem pravila i konvencija sistema značenja. On je nezavisan i prethodi postojanju pojedinačnih korisnika. Govor je konkretna upotreba jezika. Sosirovski semiotičarima su najznačajnije strukture koje čine osnovu i pravila semiotičkog sistema, pre nego specifične performanse i prakse koje su samo u domenu upotrebe. Dok se Sosir nije bavio govorom, struktura jezika se svakako otkriva putem proučavanja govora. Ako se isti pojmovi upotrebe na semiotički sistem uopšteno, pre nego na jezik, onda se stvara distinkcija između semiotičkog sistema i njegove upotrebe u tekstovima i slično.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Media such as television and film are regarded by some semioticians as being like 'languages' (though this is hotly contested by others). Semioticians commonly refer to films, television and radio programmes, advertising posters and so on as 'texts', and to 'reading' media such as television and photographs. The linguistic model often leads semioticians to a search for units of analysis in audio-visual media which are analogous to those used in linguistics.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Medij kao što je televizija ili film se smatraju za "jezike" od strane nekih semiotičara, iako to mnogi osporavaju. Semiotičari se često prema filmu, televiziji, radio programima, reklamnim plakatima i sličnom, odnose kao prema "tekstovima" i "čitanju" medija kao što su televizija i fotografije. Ligvistički model često navodi semiotičare da tragaju za jedinicama analize audio-vizualnog medija, koje su analogne onima koje se koriste u ligvistici.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

The term is used to refer to correspondences, parallels, or similarities in the properties, patterns or relations of a) two different structures; b) structural elements in two different structures and c) structural elements at different levels within the same structure. Some theorists use the term homology in much the same way.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Termin se koristi da označi korespodenciju, paralele ili sličnosti u karakteristikama, obrascima ili vezama između a) dve različite strukture, b) strukturnih elemenata dve različite strukture i c) strukturnih elemenata na različitim nivoima unutar jedne strukture. Neki teoretičari koriste termin homologija na isti način.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Irony is a rhetorical trope. It is a kind of double sign in which the 'literal sign' combines with another sign typically to signify the opposite meaning. However, understatement and overstatement can also be ironic.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Ironija je retorički trop. To je vid duplog znaka, gde je "bukvalni znak" kombinovan sa drugim znakom koji obično ima suprotno značenje. Takođe, umanjivanje i preterivanje mogu da budu vid ironije.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

The semiotic notion of intertextuality introduced by Kristeva is associated primarily with poststructuralist theorists. Intertextuality refers to the various links in form and content which bind a text to other texts. Each text exists in relation to others. Although the debts of a text to other texts are seldom acknowledged, texts owe more to other texts than to their own makers.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Semiotički pojam intertekstualnost (Kristeva) je u vezi sa poststrukturalističkim teoretičarima. Intertekstualnost se odnosi na različite veze u vidu forme i sadržaja između tekstova. Svaki tekst postoji u odnosu sa drugim tekstovima. Iako se retko govori o povezanosti tekstova, oni se više oslanjaju jedni na druge neko na njihove stvaraoce.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

This term, used by Jonathan Potter, refers to the interpretative codes and textual codes available to those within interpretative communities which offer them the potential to understand and also - where the code-user has the appropriate symbolic capital - to produce texts which employ these codes.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Termin, korišćen od strane Džonatana Potera, odnosi se na interpretativne i tekstualne kodove koji su na raspolaganju interpretativnoj zajednici i koji joj nude mogućnost razumevanja, kao i mogućnost stvaranja teksta koristeći se ovim kodovima (tamo gde korisnik koda ima odgovarajući simbolički kapital).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Those who share the same codes are members of the same 'interpretative community' - a term introduced by the literary theorist Stanley Fish to refer to both 'writers' and 'readers' of particular genres of texts (but which can be used more widely to refer to those who share any code).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Ljudi koji dele iste kodove su članovi "interpretative zajednice" - termin koji je uveo kniževni teoretičar Stenli Fiš kako bi obuhvatio i pisce i čitaoce određene vrste teksta.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Although many semiotic codes can be seen as interpretative codes, this can be seen as forming one major group of codes, alongside social codes and textual codes.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Iako mnogi semiotički kodovi mogu da se smatraju za interpretativne, oni predstavljaju jednu od osnovnih grupa kodova, pored društvenih i tekstualnih.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

In Peirce's model of the sign, the interpretant is not an interpreter but rather the sense made of the sign. Peirce doesn't feature the interpreter directly in his triad, although he does highlight the interpretative process of semiosis.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

U Pirsovom modelu znaka, interpretant nije interpretator već smisao koji znak daje. Pirs ne uključuje interpretatora neposredno u trijadu, iako naglašava interpretativni proces semioze.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Interpellation is Althusser's term to describe a mechanism whereby the human subject is 'constituted' (constructed) by pre-given structures (a structuralist stance). This concept is used by Marxist media theorists to explain the ideological function of mass media texts.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Interpelacije je Altuserov termin koji opisuje mehanizam gde je ljudski subjekat sačinjen od unapred datih struktura (strukturalistički stav). Ovaj koncept su koristili marksistički teoretičari medija da objasne ideološku funkciju tekstova masovnih medija.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

The intentional fallacy (identified by literary theorists Wimsatt and Beardsley) involves relating the meaning of a text to its author's intentions. Although these theorists regarded meaning as residing within the text, some other theorists not sharing their literalist standpoint have also dismissed the author's intentions in relation to meaning.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Namerna zabluda (definisana od strane književnih teoretičara Vimsata i Birdslija) podrazumeva povezivanja značenja teksta sa namerama autora. Iako ovi teoretičari smatraju da se značenje nalazi unutar teksta, drugi teoretičari koji ne dele njihov stav odbacuju namere autora u kontekstu značenja.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

A mode in which the marker is not purely arbitrary but directly connected in some way (physical or causal) to the signified-this link can be observed or inferred (such as smoke, Vane, a thermometer, a clock, a spirit-level, trace, fingerprints, knocking on doors, pulse, rash, pain) (Peirce).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Kada označitelj nije samo arbitraran već je u određenom obliku u direktnoj vezi sa označenim (fizičkoj ili uzročnoj) - ova veza se može uočiti ili zaključiti (na primer, dim, vetrokaz, termometar, sat, otisak, kucanje, puls, svrab, bol) (Pirs).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

This term was used by Christian Metz to refer to the cinematic signifier. The term is used in more than one sense. The cinematic signifier is 'imaginary' by virtue of an apparent perceptual transparency which suggests the unmediated presence of its absent signified - a feature widely regarded as the key to the power of cinema.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Termin je koristio Kristijan Mec da označi kinematografski označitelj. Termin se koristi u više od jednog značenja. Kinematografski označitelj je "imaginarni" jer je opažajno transparentan i sugeriše neposredno prisustvo njegovog odsutnog označenog - osobina koja se smatra za osnovu snage kinematografije.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

A mode in which the signifier is perceived as resembling or imitating the signified (recognizably looking, sounding, feeling, tasting or smelling like it) - being similar in possessing some of its qualities (e.g. a portrait, a diagram, a scale-model, onomatopoeia, metaphors, 'realistic' sounds in music, sound effects in radio drama, a dubbed film soundtrack, imitative gestures) (Peirce).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Kada se označitelj smatra da podseća ili imitira označeno (tako što liči, zvuči, oseća se, ima ukus ili miriše kao to) - sličan je u smislu da ima neke od njegovih osobila (na primer, portret, dijagram, onomatopeja, metafora, "realistični" zvukovi u muzici, zvučni efekti u radio drami, imitativni pokreti) (Pirs).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

In Jakobson's model of linguistic communication the dominance of any one of six factors within an utterance reflects a different linguistic function. referential: oriented towards the context; expressive: oriented towards the addresser; conative: oriented towards the addressee; phatic: oriented towards the contact; metalingual: oriented towards the code; poetic: oriented towards the message. In any given situation one of these factors is 'dominant', and this dominant function influences the general character of the 'message'.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

U Jakobsonovom modelu lingvističke komunikacije dominacija bilo kog od šest faktora u izgovoru utiče na određenu lingvističku funkciju. Referentni: orijentisan na kontekst; ekspresivan: orijentisan na pošiljaoca; konativan: orijentisan na primaoca; fatičan; orijentisan na kontakt; metalingvalan: orijentisan na kod; poetski: orijentisan na poruku. U bilo kojoj situaciji, jedan od ovih faktora je dominantan i dominantna funkcija utiče na opšti karakter "poruke".

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Hjelmslev introduced the notion that both expression and content have substance and form. In this framework signs have four dimensions: substance of content; form of content; substance of expression; form of expression.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Jelmslev je predstavio ideju da i izraz i sadržaj imaju svoj oblik i materiju. U tom okviru, znakovi imaju četiri dimenzije: materiju sadržaja, oblik sadržaja, materiju izraza i oblik izraza.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Within his triadic model of the sign, Peirce referred to the sign as an instance of 'Firstness', its object as an instance of 'Secondness' and the interpretant as an instance of 'Thirdness'

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Kroz ovaj trijadski model znaka Pirs je smatrao znak za "prvost", njegov objekat za "drugost" i njegovu interpretaciju za "trećost".

Domain: Language; Category: General language

A dyadic model of the sign is based on a division of the sign into two necessary constituent elements. Saussure's model of the sign is a dyadic model (note that Saussure insisted that such a division was purely analytical).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Dijadski model znaka se zasniva na podeli znaka na dva neophodna sastavna dela. Sosirov model znaka je dijadski, ali je Sosir insistirao na tome da je ta podela čisto analitička.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Pairs of mutually-exclusive signifiers in a paradigm set representing categories which do not together define a complete universe of discourse (relevant ontological domain), e.g. sun/moon (Leymore).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Parovi međusobno isključivih označitelja u paradigmi kategorija koji zajedno ne čine kompletan univerzum diskursa (relevantan ontološki domen), na primer sunce/mesec (Lejmor).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Saussure emphasised that the relationship between the linguistic signifier and signified is arbitrary: the link between them is not necessary, intrinsic or 'natural'. He was denying extralinguistic influences (external to the linguistic system). Philosophically, the relationship is ontologically arbitrary: initially, it makes no difference what labels we attach to things, but of course signs are not socially or historically arbitrary (after a sign has come into historical existence we cannot arbitrarily change signifiers). Saussure focused on linguistic signs, whilst Peirce dealt more explicitly with signs in any medium, and noted that the relationship between signifiers and their signifieds varies in arbitrariness - from the radical arbitrariness of symbolic signs, via the perceived similarity of signifier to signified in iconic signs, to the minimal arbitrariness of indexical signs. Many semioticians argue that all signs are to some extent arbitrary and conventional (and thus subject to ideological manipulation).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Sosir naglašava arbitrarnu vezu između lingvističkog označitelja i označenog: veza između njih nije obavezna, suštnska ili prirodna. On je poricao postojanje ekstralingvističkih uticaja (spoljnih u odnosu na lingvistički sistem). Filozofski gledano, veza je ontološki arbitrarna: prvobitno ne postoji razlika u tome koje etikete dodeljujemo stvarima, ali znakovi naravno nisu društveno ili istorijski arbitrarni (ako znak ima istorijsko postojanje, ne mogu mu se arbitrarno menjati označitelji). Sosir se fokusirao na lingvističk znakove, dok se Pirs više bavio znakovima u svakim medijima i naglašavao da veza između označitelja i označenog varira u arbitrarnosti - od radikalne arbitrarnosti simboličkih znakova, preko pretpostavljene sličnosti između označenog i označitelja u ikonskim znakovima, do minimalne arbitrarnosti indeksiranih znakova. Mnogi semiotičari smatraju da su svi znakovi u nekoj meri arbitrarni i konvencionalni (i samim tim predmeti ideološke manipulacije).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Roland Barthes introduced the concept of anchorage. Linguistic elements in a text (such as a caption) can serve to 'anchor' (or constrain) the preferred readings of an image (conversely the illustrative use of an image can anchor an ambiguous verbal text).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Rolan Bart je uveo koncept usidrenja. Lingvistički elementi u teksu (kao što je naslov) koji služe kao "sidro" (ili ograničenje) za tumačenje teksta (kao što i ilustrativno upotrebljena slika može da usidri dvosmisleni verbalni tekst).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Pairs of oppositional signifiers in a paradigm set representing categories with comparative grading on the same implicit dimension and which together define a complete universe of discourse (relevant ontological domain), e.g. good/bad where 'not good' is not necessarily 'bad' and vice versa (Leymore).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Parovi suprotnih označitelja u paradigmi koja predstavlja kategorije, koji su uporedno gradirani u istoj dimenziji i koji zajedno čine celokupan univerzum diskursa (relevantni ontološki domen), na primer dobar/loš, gde "ne-dobar" nije obavezno "loš" i obratno (Lejmor).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

The so-called 'affective fallacy' (identified by literary theorists who regarded meaning as residing within the text) involves relating the meaning of a text to its readers' interpretations - which these theorists saw as a form of relativism. Few contemporary theorists regard this as a 'fallacy' since most accord due importance to the reader's purposes.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Afektivna zabluda, identifikovana od strane književnih teoretičara koji smatraju da se značenje nalazi unutar teksta, podrazumeva da se značenje teksta dovodi u vezu sa tumačenjem čitaoca - što je prema ovim teoretičarima vid relativizma. Mali broj savremenih teoretičara to smatraju za "zabludu", jer većina uzima u obzir značaj potrebe čitaoca.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Signifiers which are absent from a text but which (by contrast) nevertheless influence the meaning of a signifier actually used (which is drawn from the same paradigm set). Two forms of absence have specific labels in English: that which is 'conspicuous by its absence' and that which 'goes without saying'. See also: Deconstruction, Paradigm, Paradigmatic analysis, Signifier.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Označitelj koji se ne nalaze u tekstu ali koji ipak utiču na značenje označitelja koji su zapravo iskorišćeni (što je u okviru jedne paradigme). Postoje dva oblika ovog odsustva: ono što je upadljivo zbog odsustva i ono što se podrazumeva. Vidi i: dekonstrukcija, paradigma, paradigmatska analiza, označitelj

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Narratology (or narrative theory) is a major interdisciplinary field in its own right, and is not necessarily framed within a semiotic perspective. Semiotic narratology is concerned with narrative in any mode - literary or non-literary, fictional or non-fictional, verbal or visual - but tends to focus on minimal narrative units and the 'grammar of the plot'.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Naratologija, ili narativna teorija, je samostalno interdisciplinarno polje koje ne mora da bude deo semiotičke perspektive. Semiotička naratologija se bavi narativom u svakom smislu - literarnom ili neliterarnom, fiktivnom ili nefiktivnom, verbalnom ili vizuelnom - ali teži da naglasak stavi na najmanje narativne jedinice i "gramatiku zapleta".

Domain: Language; Category: General language

A narrative is a representation of a 'chain' of events. In the orderly Aristotelian narrative form, causation and goals turn storey (chronological events) into plot: events at the beginning cause those in the middle, and events in the middle cause those at the end.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Narativ je predstavljanje niza događaja. U aristotelovskoj narativnoj formi, posledičnost i ciljevi pretvaraju priču (hronološke događaje) u zaplet: događaji na početku uzrokuju one u sredini, dok oni u sredini uzrokuju one na kraju.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Narration is the act and process of producing a narrative. Modes of address differ in their narrative point-of-view. Written narratives may employ third-person ominiscient narration ('telling') or first-person 'subjective' narration ('showing'). In television and film, camera treatment is called 'subjective' when the camera shows us events as if from a particular participant's visual point of view (encouraging viewers to identify with that person's way of seeing events or even to feel like an eye-witness to the events themselves).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Naracija je čin i proces stvaranja narativa. Načini obraćanja se razlikuju u narativnoj tački posmatranja. Zapisane priče mogu da uključuju naraciju od strane treće osobe ili subjektivnu naraciju (u prvom licu). Na televiziji i filmu, položaj kamere se smatra subjektivnim kada nam kamera pokazuje događaje iz tačke posmatranja određenog očesnika (podstičući posmatrače da se identifikuju sa datim učesnikom ili da se i sami osećaju kao svedoci događaja).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Barthes argues that the orders of signification called denotation and connotation combine to produce ideology in the form of myth - which has been described as a third order of signification. Popular usage of the term 'myth' suggests that it refers to beliefs which are demonstrably false, but the semiotic use of the term does not necessarily suggest this.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Prema Bartu, nivoi signifikacije nazvani denotacija i konotacija se kombinuju da bi se proizvela ideologija u formi mita - što se naziva trećim nivoom signifikacije. U popularnoj upotrebi termin "mit" se odnosi na verovanja koja su očigledno lažna, ali ovo ne mora da bude slučaj u njegovoj semiotičkoj upotrebi.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

The term 'motivation' (used by Saussure) is sometimes contrasted with 'constraint' in describing the extent to which the signified determines the signifier. The more a signifier is constrained by the signified, the more 'motivated' the sign is: iconic signs are highly motivated; symbolic signs are unmotivated. The less motivated the sign, the more learning of an agreed code is required.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Termin "motivacija" (korišćen od strane Sosira) je ponekad u suprotnosti sa "ograničenjem" kada se opisuje mera u kojoj označeno određuje označitelja. Što je više označitelj ograničen označenim, znak je više motivisan - ikonički znaci su visoko motivisani, dok su simbolički znaci nemotivisani. Što je znak manje motivisan, potrebno je više učiti dogovoreni kod.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Modernism refers to a movement across the arts in the West which can be traced to the late nineteenth century, was at its height from around 1910 to 1930, and persisted until around the late 1970s. It was characterised most broadly by a rejection of tradition and of art as imitation. It involved considerable cross-fertilization between the arts and between its various forms in different countries. In the visual arts it included Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism and Futurism.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Modernizam se odnosi na pokret u umetnosti na Zapadu koji potiče iz kraja XIX veka, a svoj vrhunac doživljava između 1910. i 1930. godine, i traje do kasnih 1970-ih. Karakteriše ga, u širokom smislu, odbijanje tradicije i umetnosti kao imitacije. Uključuje značajna ukrštanja između umetnosti i njenih različitih delova u različitim zemljama. U vizuelnoj umetnosti, on uključuje kubizam, dadaizam, nadrealizam i futurizam.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Modality refers to the reality status accorded to or claimed by a sign, text or genre. Peirce's classification of signs in terms of the mode of relationship of the sign vehicle to its referent reflects their modality - their apparent transparency in relation to 'reality' (the symbolic mode, for instance, having low modality).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Modalitet se odnosi na stvarni status dodeljen znaku, tekstu ili žanru. Pirsova klasifikacija znakova u kontekstu odnosa između znaka i onoga na šta se odnosi predstavlja njihov modalitet - njihovu transparentnost u odnosu prema "stvarnosti" (simbolizam, na primer, ima niski modalitet).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Metaphor expresses the unfamiliar (known in literary jargon as the 'tenor') in terms of the familiar (the 'vehicle'). The tenor and the vehicle are normally unrelated: we must make an imaginative leap to recognise the resemblance to which a fresh metaphor alludes. In semiotic terms, a metaphor involves one signified acting as a signifier referring to a rather different signified. Metaphors initially seem unconventional because they apparently disregard 'literal' or denotative resemblance.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Metafora izražava manje poznat termin kroz neki koji je više poznat. Ova dva termina nisu u direktnoj vezi i moramo da upotrebimo maštu da bismo uočili sličnost na koju metafora aludira. U semiotičkom smislu, metafora podrazumeva da jedno označeno funkcioniše kao označitelj za nešto potpuno drugo označeno. Metafore na prvi pogled deluju nekonvencionalne jer očigledno zanemaruju bukvalnu ili denotativnu sličnost.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

The term 'medium' is used in a variety of ways by different theorists, and may include such broad categories as speech and writing or print and broadcasting or relate to specific technical forms within the media of mass communication (radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books, photographs, films and records) or the media of interpersonal communication (telephone, letter, fax, e-mail, video-conferencing, computer-based chat systems).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Termin medijum se koristi na različite načine od strane različitih teoretičara i može da uključuje široke katerogije kao što su govor i pisanje, štampa i emitovanje, da se odnosi na specifične tehničke forme u okviru medija masovne komunikacije (radio, televizija, novine, časopisi, knjige, fotografije, film i snimci) ili na medije lične komunikacije (telefon, pismo, faks, imejl, video konferencija, četovanje putem kompjutera).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Cinematic and televisual codes include: genre; camerawork (shot size, focus, lens movement, camera movement, angle, lens choice, composition); editing (cuts and fades, cutting rate and rhythm); manipulation of time (compression, flashbacks, flashforwards, slow motion); lighting; colour; sound (soundtrack, music); graphics and narrative style.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Kinematografski i televizijski kodovi uključuju: žanr, snimak (kadar, fokus, kretanje kamere, ugao, kompozicija), montaža (rezovi, prelazi, ritam), upravljanje vremenom (kompresija, gledanje unazad, gledanje unapred, usporeni snimak), svetlo, boja, zvuk (filmska muzika), grafika i narativni stil.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Essentialists argue that certain signifieds are distinct, autonomous entities which have an objective existence and essential properties and which are definable in terms of some kind of absolute, universal and transhistorical 'essence'. These signifieds (such as 'Reality', 'Truth', 'Meaning', 'Facts', 'Mind', 'Consciousness', 'Nature', 'Beauty', 'Justice', 'Freedom') are granted an ontological status in which they exist 'prior to' language . In relation to people, the term refers to the stance that human beings (or a specified category of people, such as 'women') have an inherent, unchanging and distinctive nature which can be 'discovered' (to say this of women or men, for instance, is biological essentialism). The stance known as 'humanism' (which is deeply embedded in Western culture) is essentialist, based on the assumption that the individual has an 'inner self' ('personality', 'attitudes' and 'opinions') which is stable, coherent, consistent, unified and autonomous and which determines our behaviour. Bourgeois ideology is essentialist in characterising society in terms of 'free' individuals whose pre-given essences include 'talent', 'efficiency', 'laziness' or 'profligacy'.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Esencijalisti smatraju da određeno označeno predstavlja zasebnu, nezavisnu jedinicu koja ima objektivno postojanje i suštinske karakteristike i koja se može definisati kao vid apsolutne, univerzalne i transistorijske "suštine" ili "esencije". Ovakvo označeno (kao što je "stvarnost", "istina", "značenje", "činjenice", "um", "svest", "priroda", "lepota", "pravda", "sloboda") ima ontološki status u kom ono postoji "pre jezika". U odnosu prema ljudima, taj pojam je u vezi sa stavom da ljudska bića (ili posebna kategorija ljudi) imaju inherentnu, nepromenjivu i zasebnu prirodu koja može da bude "otkrivena" (ako se govori o ženama i muškarcima u ovom kontekstu, to je biološki essencijalizam). Ovaj stav poznat i kao humanizam (koji je duboko ukorenjen u zapadnoj kulturi) je esencijalistički jer se pretpostavlja da pojedinac ima "unutrašnje ja" ("ličnost", "stavove" i "mišljenja") koje je stabilno, koherentno, konzistentno, jedinstveno, autonomno i koje određuje naše ponašanje. Buržoaska ideologija je esencijalistička jer karakteriše društvo terminima kao što su "slobodni pojedinac", čija unapred data esencija može biti "talenat", "efikasnost", "lenjost" ili "raskalašnost".

Domain: Language; Category: General language

An 'empty' or 'floating' signifier is variously defined as a signifier with a vague, highly variable, unspecifiable or non-existent signified. Such signifiers mean different things to different people: they may stand for many or even any signifieds; they may mean whatever their interpreters want them to mean. Those who posit the existence of such signifiers argue that there is a radical disconnection between signifier and signified.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Prazan označitelj se različito definiše kao označitelj sa nejasnim, promenljivim, nepreciziranim ili nepostojećim označenim. Takvi označitelji znače različite stvari različitim ljudima: oni mogu da predstavljaju više označenog i mogu da imaju bilo koje značenje koje im dodeli onaj ko ih tumači. Oni koji pretpostavljaju postojanje takvih označitelja smatraju da postoji značajan diskontinuitet između označitelja i označenog.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

A semiotic code which has 'double articulation' (as in the case of verbal language) can be analysed into two abstract structural levels: a higher level called 'the level of first articulation' and a lower level - 'the level of second articulation'. At the level of first articulation the system consists of the smallest meaningful units available (e.g. morphemes or words in a language).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Semiotički kod koji ima "dvostruku artikulaciju" (kao u slučaju govornog jezika) može da se analizira na dva apstraktna strukturna nivoa: na višem nivou koji se naziva "nivo prve artikulacije" i na nižem "Nivou druge artikulacije". Na nivoou prve artikulacije sistem se sastoji od najmanjih jedinica koje nose značenje (ne primer morfeme ili reči u jeziku).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Articulation refers to structural levels within semiotic codes. Semiotic codes have either single articulation, double articulation or no articulation. A semiotic code which has 'double articulation' (as in the case of verbal language) can be analysed into two abstract structural levels: a higher level called 'the level of first articulation' and a lower level - 'the level of second articulation'.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Artikulacija se odnosi na strukturne nivoe unutar kodova. Semiotički kodovi mogu da imaju ili jedinstveno ili dvostruku ili da nemaju artikulaciju. Semtiočki kod koji ima dvostruku artikulaciju (kao u slučaju govornog jezika) može da se analizira na dva apstraktna strukturna nivoa: viši nivo nazvan "nivo prve artikulacije" i niži "nivo druge artikulacije".

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Semiotic codes have either single articulation, double articulation or no articulation. Codes with single articulation have either first articulation or second articulation only. Codes with first articulation only consist of signs - meaningful elements which are systematically related to each other - but there is no second articulation to structure these signs into minimal, non-meaningful elements. Where the smallest recurrent structural unit in a code is meaningful, the code has first articulation only.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Semiotički kodovi mogu da imaju jedinstvenu ili dvostruku ili da nemaju artikulaciju. Kodovi sa jedinstvenom artikulacijom imaju samo prvu ili samo drugu artikulaciju. Kodovi sa prvom artikulacijom se sastoje samo od znakova - značenjskih jedinica koje su sistematski određene jedna prema drugoj - ali ne postoji druga artikulacija koja strukturira ove znakove u najmanje, ne-značenjske jedinice. Ako najmanja strukturna jedinica koda ima značenje, kod ima samo prvu artikulaciju.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

For Saussure, this was one of the two parts of the sign (which was indivisible except for analytical purposes). In the Saussurean tradition, the signifier is the form which a sign takes. For Saussure himself, in relation to linguistic signs, this meant a non-material form of the spoken word - 'a sound-image' ('the psychological imprint of the sound, the impression it makes on our senses').

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Za Sosira je označitelj jedan od dva dela znaka (koji su neodvojivi osim u svrhu analize). U Sosirovoj tradiciji, označitelj je forma koju znak ima. U konteksu lingvističkih znakova, ovo je za Sosira predstavljalo nematerijalnu formu izgovorene reči - "zvučnu sliku" (psihološki otisak zvuka, utisak koji on ostavlja na naša čula).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

For Saussure, the signified was one of the two parts of the sign (which was indivisible except for analytical purposes). Saussure's signified is the mental concept represented by the signifier (and is not a material thing). This does not exclude the reference of signs to physical objects in the world as well as to abstract concepts and fictional entities, but the signified is not itself a referent in the world (in contrast to Peirce's object). It is common for subsequent interpreters to equate the signified with 'content' (matching the form of the signifier in the familiar dualism of 'form and content').

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Za Sosira je označeno jedan od dva dela znaka (koji su neodvojivi osim u svrhu analize). Sosirovo označeno je mentalni koncept koji je predstavljen od strane oznaćitelja (nije materijalan). Ovo ne isključuju znakove u vidu fizičkih objekata ili apstraknte koncepte i fiktivne jedinice, ali označeno nije samo za sebe predstavljeno u svetu (za razliku od Pirsovog objekta). Uobičajena praksa da se prilikom tumačenja izjednačava označeno sa sadržajem (povezujući formu označitelja sa poznatim dualizmom forme i sadržaja).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

A sign is a meaningful unit which is interpreted as 'standing for' something other than itself. Signs are found in the physical form of words, images, sounds, acts or objects (this physical form is sometimes known as the sign vehicle). Signs have no intrinsic meaning and become signs only when sign-users invest them with meaning with reference to a recognised code.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Znak je značenjska jedinica koja predstavlja nešto drugo. Znakovi se nalaze u fizičkom obliku reči, slika, zvukova, pokreta i objekata. Znakovi nemaju značenje sami za sebe već postaju znacima kada im je dodeli značenje sa referencom ka prepoznatom kodu.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Loosely defined as 'the study of signs' or 'the theory of signs', what Saussure called 'semiology' was: 'a science which studies the role of signs as part of social life'. Saussure's use of the term sémiologie dates from 1894 and Peirce's first use of the term semiotic was in 1897. Semiotics has not become widely institutionalised as a formal academic discipline and it is not really a science. It is not purely a method of textual analysis, but involves both the theory and analysis of signs and signifying practices.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Široka definisano kao nauka ili teorija o znacima, ono što je Sosir zvao "semiologijom" je nauka koja proučava ulogu znakova kao delova društvenog života. Sosirova upotreba termina semiologija datira iz 1894. godine dok je Pirs prvi put upotrebio termin semiotika 1897. godine. Semiotika nije široko prihvaćena kao formalna akademska disciplina i ne predstavlja nauku u pravom smislu. Ali nije ni samo metod analize teksta, jer uključuje teoriju i analizu znakova i praksu dodeljivanja značenja.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Greimas introduced the semiotic square as a means of mapping the logical conjunctions and disjunctions relating key semantic features in a text. If we begin by drawing a horizontal line linking two familiarly paired terms such as 'beautiful' and 'ugly', we turn this into a semiotic square by making this the upper line of a square in which the two other logical possibilities - 'not ugly' and 'not beautiful' occupy the lower corners. The semiotic square reminds us that this is not simply a binary opposition because something which is not beautiful is not necessarily ugly and that something which is not ugly is not necessarily beautiful.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Gremas je predstavio semiotički kvadrat kao sredstvo za mapiranje logičkih konjukcija i disjunkcija u vezi sa ključnim semantičkim obeležjima u tekstu. Ako za početak povučemo horizontalnu liniju između dva uobičajeno uparena termina, kao na primer "lep" i "ružan", i posmatramo je kao gornju stranu kvadrata, semiotički kvadrat se dobija tako što njegovu donju stranu čine druge dve logičke mogućnosti - "nije ružan" i "nije lep". Semiotički kvadrat nas podseća da ne postoji samo binarna opozicija, odnosno da ako nešto nije lepo ne mora da bude ružno a da nešto što nije lepo ne mora da bude ružno.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

The infinite use of finite elements is a feature which in relation to media in general has been referred to as 'semiotic economy'. The structural feature of double articulation within a semiotic system allows an infinite number of meaningful combinations to be generated using a small number of low-level units.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Neograničena upotreba ograničenih elemenata se naziva semiotičkom ekonomijom u kontekstu medija. Strukturno obeležhe dvostruke artikulacije u okviru semiotičkog sistema dozvoljava da se stvori neograničen broj smislenih kombinacija koristeći ograničen broj jedinica.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Materialism is an anti-idealist and anti-essentialist position which criticises essentialist abstraction and reification and the formalist reduction of substance to forms and relations. It is realist in that the world is seen as having a recalcitrant being of its own which resists our intentions. Materialists (sometimes called cultural materialists) emphasise such things as the textual representation of the material conditions of social reality (such as poverty, sickness and exploitation), the socio-cultural and historical contingency of signifying practices, and the specificity and physical properties of media and signs (suppressed in the transparency of dominant codes of aesthetic realism).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Materijalizam je anti-idealističko i anti-esencijalističko gledište koje kritikuje esencijalističku apstraktnost, postvarivanje i formalističko redukovanje supstance na formu i odnose. On je realističan u smislu da se svet posmatra kao nešto što ima svoju volju nezavisno od naših namera. Materijalisti (nekad nazivani i kulturalni materijalisti) naglašavaju stvari kao što su tekstualna predstava materijalnih uslova u društvenoj stvarnosti (kao što su siromaštvo, bolest i eksploatacija), društveno-kulturni i istorijski događaji sa značajnim posledicama i specifičnost i fizička obeležja medija i znakova (potisnutih u transparentnosti dominantnih kodova estetskog realizma).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

In contrast to interpersonal communication ('one-to-one' communication), this term is typically used to refer to 'one-to-many' communication, although this dictinction tends to overlook the importance of communication in small groups (neither 'one' nor 'many'). Whilst mass communication may be 'live' or recorded, it is primarily asynchronous - live two-way communication through a mass medium occurs only in such special cases as radio or television 'phone-ins' (which involve interpersonal communication which is then broadcast).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Za razliku od lične komunikacije ("jedan ka jednom" komunikacije), ovaj termin se obično koristi da označi "jedan ka mnogima" komunikaciju, iako ova distinkcija često ne uzima u obzir značaj komunikacije u malim grupama (nije ni ka "jednom" ni ka "mnogima"). Dok masovna komunikacije može da postoji "uživo" ili zabeleženo, ona je pre svega asinhrona - dvosmerna komunikacija uživo putem masovnih medija se dešava samo u izuzetni slučajevima kao što su radio i televizijska uključenja (što podrazumeva ličnu komunikacija koja je potom emitovana).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Derrida used this term to refer to the 'metaphysics of presence' in Western culture - in particular its phonocentrism, and its foundation on a mythical 'transcendent signified'. Logocentrism can also refer to a typically unconscious interpretative bias which privileges linguistic communication over the revealingly named 'non-verbal' forms of communication and expression, and over unverbalized feelings; logocentrism privileges both the eye and the ear over other sensory modalities such as touch.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Derida koristi ovaj termin da označi "metafiziku prisustva" u zapadnoj kulturi - posebno njen fonocentrizam i njeno građenje na temelju mitski obeleženog transcendenta. Logocentrizam može takođe da se odnosi na tipično nesvesnu predrasudu prilikom tumačenja koja privileguje ligvističku komunikaciju naspram "ne-verbalnih" formi komunikacije i izraza i naspram neverbalizovanih osećanja; logocentrizam privileguje oči i uši naspram drugih čula kao što je dodir.

Domain: Language; Category: General language

The fallacy that the meaning of a text is contained within it and is completely determined by it so that all the reader must do is to 'extract' this meaning from the signs within it. This stance ignores the importance of 'going beyond the information given' and limits comprehension to the decoding (in the narrowest sense) of textual properties (without even reference to codes).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

Zabluda da se značenje teksta nalazi u tekstu i da je potpuno njime određeno, tako da sve što čitalac treba da uradi je da "izvuče" iz znakova u okviru teksta. Ovaj stav ignoriše značaj tumačenja preko datih informacija i ograničava razumevanje na dekodiranje (u najužžem smislu) tekstualnih obeležja (bez referenci na kodove).

Domain: Language; Category: General language

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