- Domeniu: Economy; Printing & publishing
- Number of terms: 15233
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想要赢取业务从竞争对手以外的其他的收费较低的价格。方法包括广告、 稍有鉴别您的产品、 提高其质量，或提供免费礼品或随后购买折扣优惠。非价格竞争时，就特别共同的寡头垄断，也许因为它可以给印象激烈的角逐，虽然公司实际上勾结，保持高价格。
Industry:Economy
虽然这类群体存在了世代 (在 19 世纪初，英国政府和外国反奴隶制协会发挥了强大的作用，在废除奴隶制的法律），最近的社会和经济变化给这些通常自愿的、 非盈利的、"问题驱动"组织新的生活。共产主义的崩溃，民主、 技术变革和经济一体化 (全球化短) 的蔓延每个帮助非政府组织成长。全球化本身加剧了主机的担忧环境、 劳动权利、 人权、 消费者权利，等等。民主化和科技进步革新了公民可以团结，表达他们的不安的方式。政府一直在急剧结束了来自非政府组织的压力。可以说，然而，它是世界银行、 国际货币基金组织、 联合国机构和世界贸易组织 (世贸组织) 如认为有更多，由于他们缺乏政治影响力的政府间机构。几个国会议员将面临直接的压力来自国际货币基金组织或世贸组织，但从与特殊利益的公民团体每个决策者面临压力。添加到这可怜的公众形象这些技术官僚，不露面的官僚机构已经开发，，这是几乎不令人惊讶的是他们是最受欢迎非政府组织"群"的目标。各国政府和政府间组织如何响应非政府组织可能产生的巨大影响，包括对世界的经济体。同样重要的是自己的非政府组织如何应对向更严格的审查和越来越多的关注他们是如何负责任，和人。
Industry:Economy
Una política destinada a fomentar la actividad económica en un área geográfica específica que no es un país entero y, por lo general, está en peor forma económica de áreas cercanas. Puede incluir empresas ofreciendo incentivos para proporcionar empleos en la región, tales como préstamos, subvenciones, bajen impuestos, tierras baratas y edificios, subsidio laboral y formación de los trabajadores. ¿Es necesario? Problemas de la región deberían ser algo autocorrectivos. Después de todo, simples teorías de oferta y demanda, sugeriría que las empresas se moverá a zonas de bajos salarios y altos niveles de desempleo para tomar ventaja de la mano de obra más barata y trabajadores de sobra, o que los trabajadores se moverá lejos de esas zonas a donde existen empleos mejor pagados y más. Pero algunas teorías económicas sugieren que en lugar de trasladarse a las áreas donde los salarios son más bajos, empresas del cluster a menudo junto con otros negocios exitosos. Política regional puede necesitar ser extremadamente generoso para tentar a las empresas a renunciar a las ventajas de estar en un clúster.
Industry:Economy
什么都只是在一天的钱表示值。因为通货膨胀意味着钱可以随着时间的推移失去其价值，用于比较不同时期的数值可以是误导性的名义数字。它是更好地比较其真正的价值，通过调整的名义的数字，以消除通胀的扭曲。
Industry:Economy
Using private firms to carry out aspects of government. This has become increasingly popular since the early 1980s as governments have tried to obtain some of the benefits of the private sector without going as far as full privatization. The gains have been greatest when services have been allocated to private firms through competitive bidding. They have been smallest, and arguably even negative, in cases when the main contribution of the private firm has been to raise finance. That is because governments can usually borrow more cheaply than private firms, so when they ask them to raise money the question that springs to mind is: are they doing this to make their public borrowing look smaller?
Industry:Economy
The main reason firms exist. In economic theory, profit is the reward for risk taken by enterprise, the fourth of the factors of production – what is left after all other costs, including rent, wages and interest. Put simply, profit is a firm’s total revenue minus total cost. Economists distinguish between normal profit and excess profit. Normal profit is the opportunity cost of the entrepreneur, the amount of profit just sufficient to keep the firm in business. If profit is any lower than that, then enterprise would be better off engaged in some alternative economic activity. Excess profit, also known as super-normal profit, is profit above normal profit and is usually evidence that the firm enjoys some market power that allows it to be more profitable than it would be in a market with perfect competition.
Industry:Economy
At the beginning of the 20th century the population of the world was 1. 7 billion. At the end of that century, it had soared to 6 billion. Recent estimates suggest that it will be nearly 8 billion by 2025 and 9. 3 billion by 2050. Almost all of this increase is forecast to occur in the developing regions of Africa, Asia and Latin America. For what economists have had to say about this, see demographics.
Industry:Economy
The state of being poor, which depends on how you define it. One approach is to use some absolute measure. For instance, the poverty rate refers to the number of households whose income is less than three times what is needed to provide an adequate diet. (Though what constitutes adequate may change over time. ) Another is to measure relative poverty. For instance, the number of people in poverty can be defined as all households with an income of less than, say, half the average household income. Or the (relative) poverty line may be defined as the level of income below which are, say, the poorest 10% of households. In each case, the dividing line between poverty and not-quite poverty is somewhat arbitrary. As countries get richer, the number of people in absolute poverty usually gets smaller. This is not necessarily true of the numbers in relative poverty. The way that relative poverty is defined means that it is always likely to identify a large number of impoverished households. However rich a country becomes, there will always be 10% of households poorer than the rest, even though they may live in mansions and eat caviar (albeit smaller mansions and less caviar than the other 90% of households).
Industry:Economy
Makes the world go round and comes in many forms, from shells and beads to gold coins to plastic or paper. It is better than barter in enabling an economy’s scarce resources to be allocated efficiently. Money has three main qualities:
* as a medium of exchange, buyers can give it to sellers to pay for goods and services;
* as a unit of account, it can be used to add up apples and oranges in some common value;
* as a store of value, it can be used to transfer purchasing power into the future. A farmer who exchanges fruit for money can spend that money in the future; if he holds on to his fruit it might rot and no longer be useful for paying for something. Inflation undermines the usefulness of money as a store of value, in particular, and also as a unit of account for comparing values at different points in time. Hyper-inflation may destroy confidence in a particular form of money even as a medium of exchange. Measures of liquidity describe how easily an asset can be exchanged for money (the easier this is, the more liquid is the asset).
Industry:Economy
The conventional economic wisdom of the 17th century that made a partial come-back in recent years. Mercantilists feared that money would become too scarce to sustain high levels of output and employment; their favored solution was cheap money (low interest rates). In a forerunner to the 20th-century debate between Keynesians and monetarists, they were opposed by advocates of classical economics, who argued that cheap and plentiful money could result in inflation. The original mercantilists, such as John Law, a Scots financier (and convicted murderer), believed that a country’s economic prosperity and political power came from its stocks of precious metals. To maximize these stocks they argued against free trade, favoring protectionist policies designed to minimize imports and maximize exports, creating a trade surplus that could be used to acquire more precious metal. This was contested for the classicists by Adam Smith and David Hume, who argued that a country’s wealth came not from its stock of precious metals but rather from its stocks of productive resources (land, labor, capital, and so on) and how efficiently they are used. Free trade increased efficiency by allowing countries to specialize in things in which they have a comparative advantage.
Industry:Economy
