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Routledge is a global publisher of academic books, journals and online resources in the humanities and social sciences.
(1936 – 1959) Born Charles Hardin Holley in Lubbock, Texas, rock-’n’-roll pioneer Holly became a teen idol with hits such as “That’ll be the Day” and “Peggy Sue.” Featured on The Ed Sullivan Show and Dick Clark’s American Bandstand, Holly was a singer, instrumentalist and songwriter who performed with the Crickets and as a soloist. Killed along with the Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens in a plane crash in Iowa, Holly’s career and life-story inspired both a motion picture and a stage musical.
Industry:Culture
(1936 – 1989) Visionary and surrcalist politician. After work with SNCC, Hoffman founded the Youth International Party (yippies) in 1966, which sought to replace “Amerika” or the “Pig Empire” with a mixture of anarchism, Marxist revindications of class and race, drugs and political theater. His activism led to his famous arrest and conviction as one of the Chicago Eight for disrupting the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Hoffman went underground from 1974 to 1980, but re-emerged to political activity before his suicide. Works like Woodstock Nation and Steal this Book—a manual to living free convey a vivid sense of personality and politics in the 1960s.
Industry:Culture
(1936 – 1990) Master puppeteer and creator of the unmistakable Muppets. Henson broke into television via early morning local children’s television (1955–61), where he and his wife Jane Nebel worked with hand and stick puppets. Stardom came with Sesame Street (1969–), for which he created lively and enduring characters Kermit the Frog, Big Bird, Oscar the Grouch, Bert and Ernie, and others who have been companions for and teachers to generations of children worldwide. Not only are these characters colorful and cuddly— as later marketing has shown—but they also attract us by their humanity—fears and questions, selfishness (Miss Piggy, created by collaborator Frank Oz, has become a satiric icon for the “me”-generation) and dealing with difference. Henson continued to experiment in other venues like Saturday Nïght Liυe (1975–6), but needed English support to produce his variety format Muppet Shows (1976–81), with guest stars from Milton Berle to Steve Martin, and movies like the Muppet Moυie (1979). Henson’s London studios, The Creature Shop, run by the family and with associations with Disney, have changed the way animals and fantasy creatures appear in movies like Dark Crystal (1983) and Babe (1997).
Industry:Culture
(born 1937) (I. Donald) b. 1939 (Philip) I. Donald and Philip Everly were born in Kentucky to parents who soon left the coalmining region to work in radio stations. The brothers signed to Cadence Records in 1957 when they released their biggest hit, “Bye Bye Love” (1958). Appearing at Nashville’s Grand Ol’ Opry, they brought rockabilly-influenced acoustic guitar rhythms and folklike vocal harmonies to a country stage; they were the first act to perform there using drums. Also known for “Wake Up Little Susie” (1958) and “Cathy’s Clown” (1958), the Everly Brothers influenced numerous popular performers and songwriters, including Simon and Garfunkel, the Mamas & the Papas, Crosby, Stills & Nash and the Byrds.
Industry:Culture
(born 1937) Appointed Secretary of State in 1997 under President Clinton, Albright was the first female to occupy the post and the highest-ranking woman ever to serve in the federal government. Before becoming Secretary of State, she was the US representative to the United Nations for four years. In both positions, Albright established a unique style.
Blending a hawkish reliance on the threat of military force with personal warmth, she helped the US forge diplomatic inroads with longstanding enemies. Her political rise blazed a trail for women in the male-dominated realm of international affairs.
Industry:Culture
(born 1937) Awarded the Purple Heart, Bronze Star and other accolades for his service in Vietnam, Powell entered the national spotlight as Chairperson of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1991 under President Bush for his role in the Gulf War. The first African American and youngest person to serve in that position, Powell retired in 1993. Considered a top contender in the 1996 presidential election, Powell declined to run. His 1995 autobiography My American Journey was a bestseller. Dedicated to helping young people, he became the Chairperson of America’s Promise: The Alliance for Youth.
Industry:Culture
(born 1937) Blond, blue-eyed handsome romantic hero whose roles have embodied some of the most characteristic images of American masculinity, while sometimes adding tragic or ironic reverberations. In a string of movies that made him one of the country’s most popular actors from the 1970s onwards, Redford has been the outlaw (Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, 1969, and others), the operator (The Sting, 1973), the athlete (The Natural, 1984), the crusading journalist (All the President’s Men, 1976) and, always, the romantic lover (The Way We Were, 1973; Out of Africa, 1984; Up Close and Personal, 1996). As he has matured, Redford has also become involved in production and direction, winning a directing Oscar for Ordinary People (1980). That same year, he founded the Sundance Institute near his Utah resort and ranch, which has grown to be a major site for the training and exposition of independent film-makers through the Sundance Film Festival.
Industry:Culture
(born 1937) Born in Philadelphia, PA, Cosby was the first African American actor to star in a dramatic series on television (I Spy, NBC, 1965–8). Wellknown for his comedy routines and stage act, often based on children’s stories and perspectives of the world, which were adapted for the cartoon series, Fat Albert and the Cosby Kïds (CBS, 1972–7), he developed a less politically charged style than that of other black comedians like Dick Gregory and Richard Pryor. He parlayed his popularity into the top-rated family comedy the Cosby Show (NBC, 1984–92), which anchored NBC’s Thursday night programming and won several Emmys. The show presented the Huxtables, a black uppermiddle-class New York City family steeped in “family values,” who countered the black stereotypes then common on television. Cosby returned in 1996 with a similarly conceived family show, without achieving the same success.
Industry:Culture
(born 1937) Certainly one of the most important of America’s postwar novelists. In works such as V (1963), Gravity’s Rainbow (1973) and Mason and Dixon (1997), Pynchon combined pyrotechnic verbal skills and a near-encyclopedic knowledge of both learned and popular culture to produce a distinctive fictional universe, rife with paranoiac visions and textual puzzles. Along with J.D. Salinger, Pynchon was also one of literary America’s most famous recluses, so successfully excluding the trappings of public celebrity that his whereabouts became a topic of rumor and speculation. This mysterious and shadowy existence, along with his unique fictional vision, found a ready fit to an age much given over to elaborate conspiracies about the powers-that-be.
Industry:Culture
(born 1937) Composer. Grandson of Russian Jewish immigrants, trained in New York City, NY (Julliard) and Paris while also influenced by South Asian and Arab music. Glass combines a certain minimalism with mysticism in musical events like his opera Einstein on the Beach (1976, with Robert Wilson). His music became familiar to a wide audience from the intense repeated score of the ecological polemic Koyaanisqatsi (1982).
Industry:Culture
